There are culprits destroying our baseball playing cards. The perpetrators are at it proper now, working laborious. They by no means quit and tomorrow they’ll work even tougher. They gained’t cease till every card we now personal, or will ever purchase, are all gone. They aren’t simply after our playing cards. They’re engaged on our ticket stubs, newspaper articles, matchbooks, applications, and the rest in our collections which can be product of paper or cardboard. You or I can’t cease them. We are able to gradual them down, however we will’t maintain them from ultimately ending their job. It would take fairly a little bit of time, however these transgressors are persistent and intent on finishing their mission. And the worst half is that a few of us would possibly even be serving to them alongside.
The Enemy Inside
Who’re these villains? The place did they arrive from? Why are they after our stuff? These are nice inquiries to ask. To search out solutions we have to perceive how and why baseball playing cards originated.
Historians inform us that companies first began placing out baseball playing cards within the mid-1800s. Whether or not you acknowledge Williamson’s 1865 carte de visite of the Brooklyn Atlantics,[1] Peck & Snyder’s 1868 Cincinnati Pink Stockings commerce playing cards,[2] or Allen & Ginter’s 1875 Quadrupeds cigarette insert playing cards(which preceded their 1888 baseball set by 13 years) because the emergence of baseball playing cards,[3] the years instantly following the Civil Conflict are acknowledged as the place to begin for producing our cardboard treasures.[4]
Simply previous to this time, with the big public curiosity in occasions of the American Civil Conflict, newspapers and illustrated weeklies had develop into large-scale manufacturing operations.[5] After the conflict the newspaper and journal business grew even bigger. Extra individuals had been studying, the literacy charge rose, and ebook gross sales additionally elevated.[6] This was significantly true within the South when public colleges, which barely existed previous to the civil conflict, had been established and separate colleges had been created for Black, Indian, and Hispanic college students.[7] This all led to a better want for paper.
The paper that was made within the first half of the 19th century was costly. As demand for it elevated, there was a significant effort to make paper quicker and cheaper.[8] Previous to the conflict cotton and linen rags had been generally used as the fundamental ingredient in making paper, and it produced fairly sturdy stuff.[9] Actually, rag paper made 500 years in the past is now typically in higher situation than paper made throughout the final fifty to one-hundred years.[10]
Along with the demand for extra paper, the conflict led to 2 different paper making issues. The large variety of casualties prompted cotton rags, the primary ingredient in rag paper, to be wanted for bandages greater than for paper making. Additionally, since cotton was grown within the south, it turned unavailable within the north in the course of the conflict. So inexpensive papers and cardboard got here into extra widespread use, with groundwood pulp changing cotton and linen as the primary element; and it nonetheless is right this moment.[11] The lignin in wooden pulp accommodates carboxylic acids.[12] Throughout manufacturing, bleach must be added to whiten paper. This course of varieties hydrochloric acid throughout the sheets.[13] Paper additionally requires sizing to make it appropriate for writing or printing, and including sizing chemical compounds creates sulphuric acid in the course of the paper making course of.[14] Whereas increased high quality pulp paper could now be buffered to mitigate the acid content material, this provides value to the manufacturing course of, an expense card producers consider will increase the value of their product past the extent most prospects can be prepared to pay.
So most paper used for mass produced objects, like our baseball playing cards, and made over the last 175 years, begins off as a cocktail containing varied self-destructive ranges of carboxylic, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acids. The Library of Congress has additionally decided “that cellulose itself generates acids because it ages, together with formic, acetic, lactic, and oxalic acids. Measurable portions of those acids had been noticed to type underneath ambient circumstances inside weeks of the paper’s manufacture. Furthermore, paper doesn’t readily launch these acids resulting from robust intermolecular bonding. This explains why pH impartial papers develop into more and more acidic as they age.”[15] These are the unseen offenders who’re attacking the stuff in our collections. And, simply to pile on a bit extra, dye based mostly inks can introduce a number of extra points that contribute to instability of the picture printed on a cardboard merchandise,[16] and the paper itself.[17] Within the research of paper preservation this destruction from inside known as “inherent vice.”[18]
Price of Degradation
How briskly these hooligans work largely relies on a posh set of variables referring to the composition of the paper or cardboard used to make an merchandise, the preliminary size and energy of the fibers throughout the paper, and its beginning pH (acid focus) degree.[19]
At first paper and cardboard break down very slowly; in most cases taking years or perhaps even a long time earlier than you discover something. It doesn’t matter what the beginning pH degree is, intensive research present that acid focus will increase, and does so at a progressive charge. As an merchandise resembling a baseball card ages, the acidity inside its fibers accumulates. This causes the speed of decay to steadily improve. As time passes and the acidity degree builds up, deterioration turns into noticeable. And, as an merchandise will get older, it breaks down and deteriorates quicker and quicker.[20] Ultimately, as the whole lot product of natural materials does, a baseball card will degrade utterly and crumble to mud.[21]
There are various variables that decide how briskly this course of takes to run its course.[22] What a baseball card is constituted of and the method used to make it are main components. Playing cards, particularly earlier commerce playing cards and people initially packaged with merchandise resembling tobacco and cigarettes, gum, sweet, and meals, supposed so as to add worth and encourage their buy, had been made as inexpensively as doable and never meant for lengthy length. They had been constituted of extraordinarily cheap paper and cardboard with excessive lignin content material that was inherently acidic, and with out alkaline buffers. As ephemera, the producer solely cared {that a} card lasted lengthy sufficient to promote the following bundle it was included with. Their concern was to maintain the expense of constructing the cardboard as little as doable, to not create one thing that might have worth to another person 100 years down the highway. Playing cards had been low cost giveaways, not investments, they usually had been made that means – with low value and low high quality supplies.[23]
Whereas many fashionable baseball playing cards use considerably higher paper, and doubtless have an extended degradation interval, they’re nonetheless printed on lignin pulp cardboard. Their lifespan could also be a bit longer however ultimately they are going to fade away too. Harmful chemical reactions inside all paper and cardboard are advanced and the recipes used to make them are innumerable. Which means that it’s tough to know the precise charge for any explicit paper merchandise to interrupt down.[24]
It’s straightforward to see that the newsprint grade board utilized by William Randolph Hearst to make IFS strip playing cards within the early Twenties is a far decrease high quality, and degrades a lot quicker, than the cardboard used for T206 playing cards. You possibly can inform by evaluating the situation of the most effective examples of those units now that they’re over 100 years outdated. Attic finds, the place playing cards from totally different units have been saved collectively for lengthy durations underneath the identical environmental circumstances, present appreciable variations in growing older from one set to a different. So, there isn’t a common components for calculating the common lifespan of playing cards generally.
Even with cardboard lifespan being affected by each inside chemistry and exterior forces resembling gentle, warmth, air pollution, air flow, and many others., the 2 issues which can be constant for all issues constituted of wooden pulp are 1) as they age they produce acids that assault the fibers holding them collectively, and a pair of) over time this degradation course of accelerates.
This chart illustrates the final sample of decline for a generic baseball card. As you may see, deterioration occurs so slowly initially of the method that it could not be seen for fairly a while. However, with age, we see how a card’s situation declines increasingly quickly.
Slowing Degradation
First, there’s excellent news! Curators have been learning the causes of paper degradation for over a century. Their preliminary concern was to save lots of books and demanding historic paperwork. What they’ve found is that there are efficient methods to regulate the atmosphere the place paper is saved, slowing down each exterior forces and the inherent vice reactions inflicting inside injury. Collectors of baseball playing cards and different paper artifacts can be taught, and proceed to profit, from the continuing work {of professional} conservators.
It’s apparent to most individuals that mishandling can result in injury resembling creasing, dented corners, scuffing, and marking. Bodily boundaries assist mitigate these risks. Conservationists have found that there are secure supplies for bodily defending paper and a few that aren’t. That is actually true with plastics.[25] We now know that polyvinyl is extraordinarily dangerous.[26] We additionally know that pure BoPET (Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) polyester movie that’s made with out components, identified higher by Dupont’s model names Mylar D and Melinex 516, offers an inert and chemically secure barrier, even when in direct contact with paper, however it’s not inflexible.[27] Whereas not as extensively studied, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic is inflexible and customarily thought-about as secure for preservation makes use of.[28] That is the fabric utilized by authentication and grading providers to create their slabs.[29]
There are different classes from conservation research that haven’t made their means into the rank and file of sports activities collectors, maybe as a result of the dangers they handle are usually not so well known or mentioned. These relate to gentle administration, temperature management, buffering, and air flow.
Mild—More and more, collectors have come to comprehend that gentle may cause ink to fade. That is why it’s a unhealthy thought to maintain your assortment out on a shelf or in a show case. However gentle additionally hurries up the response charge for acids inside cardboard, offering but one more reason for playing cards and different paper artifacts to be saved the place it’s darkish besides when they’re really being seen.[30]
Temperature—Two points relate to temperature. First, increased temperature causes the acid degradation course of inside a paper based mostly artifact to hurry up.[31] This implies a baseball card saved at a continuing 60°F can have an extended lifespan than whether it is saved at 80°F. Second, temperature fluctuation causes small quantities of enlargement and contraction. Over time, this micro-movement fractures the fibers that maintain paper and cardboard collectively, making it break down quicker.[32]
Buffering—An understanding of chemistry and research associated to paper degradation have proven that, as a result of acidity migrates from decrease pH (acidic) to increased pH (alkaline), a number of the acids generated throughout growing older will be drawn out of paper by rising the alkalinity of the encompassing atmosphere.[33] This may be achieved by putting alkaline buffered archival papers or mats in shut proximity to the merchandise being preserved.[34] Ideally, the merchandise can be sandwiched or interleaved between these archival supplies. Nevertheless, since paper and cardboard usually “outgas” from their lower edges greater than the graceful flat surfaces, a buffered mat surrounding the sides of a baseball card will present significantly extra safety than no buffering.[35]
Air flow—As a result of a lot of the acidic buildup from inherent vice is within the type of fuel, it hangs out within the vacant areas, each inside and round an merchandise constituted of paper.[36] Research present that over time probably the most injury from the lignin, fillers, and sizing brokers in paper happens the place the gasses are most contained.[37] When these gasses will be moved away from a baseball card and allowed to flee, it decreases the acid degree of the encompassing atmosphere and likewise permits the outgassing course of to hold the surplus acidity away from its inside fibers.[38]
Intensive research and testing have statistically confirmed that the mix of buffering, and ventilating the atmosphere by which any pulp-based paper or cardboard is saved, slows the degradation course of and prolongs its situation and useable lifespan considerably.[39]
The next chart illustrates how a paper artifact’s situation will be prolonged by way of correct storage and environmental management, whether or not it’s a ebook, authorized doc, sweet field, or baseball card.
Analysis additionally exhibits that another factor can considerably have an effect on the speed of decay for something made with pulp-based paper. An amazing variety of conservation research confirm the findings that sustaining air high quality is important for minimizing paper degradation resulting from inherent vice. Many of those additionally verify that air circulation, which vents off air uncovered to acid outgassing, is important for extending the lifetime of Paper. [40] A few of the most important research had been compiled by Rene Teygeler on the Analysis Centre on the Conservation of Collections, the place “the authors concluded that within the case of acid papers, encapsulation enhances the deterioration course of.” [emphasis added]. So the air surrounding an encapsulated baseball card turns into more and more contaminated and is stained the place it creates an much more dangerous atmosphere. [41] Whereas encapsulating would possibly present safety from exterior forces, it’s really significantly extra dangerous as a result of it seals in a extra harmful environment than it retains out. [42].
The Unrecognized Participant within the Recreation
Earlier than shifting on, a small detour is critical. It’s necessary to acknowledge that card authentication and grading firms present an necessary and beneficial service. Graded playing cards bought within the market replicate the acknowledged value of that assist by often promoting at increased costs. A collector or investor buying a card can have a level of confidence that it’s genuine, and that an neutral occasion has evaluated it to fulfill, kind of, the accepted requirements for an assigned situation grade. This may be significantly necessary when a purchaser isn’t capable of see and look at a card previous to the sale. These providers have contributed to monumental will increase in on-line card gross sales. The service suppliers additionally encapsulate every card, assuring that it’s the one which was really evaluated.
Unintended Penalties
Most homeowners of authenticated playing cards understand the holder as everlasting bodily safety and assurance that the resident card will stay within the graded situation ceaselessly.[43] Playing cards are saved, and sometimes proudly displayed within the offered holder underneath the belief that the encapsulated treasure is now protected against any additional hurt. Sadly, as we’ve got simply discovered, encapsulation is a significant contributor to the long run results of inherent vice and its related age deterioration. The experiences and practices of the most effective museums, libraries, and archives on the planet help this.
When the Nationwide Baseball Corridor of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, which homes a set of over 140,000 baseball playing cards, together with 250,000 photographic photographs and three million historic paperwork, receives any slabbed merchandise, it’s instantly faraway from the encapsulation.[44] Different main museums that take care of natural paper and cardboard artifacts all do the identical.[45]
On this last comparability chart, the charges a paper-based artifact resembling a baseball card, program, or ticket will degrade are in contrast relying on how they’re saved. The strong curve within the middle exhibits regular deterioration with out particular therapy (or abuse). The dashed curve signifies the prolonged interval {that a} buffered and ventilated merchandise will retain is situation. The dotted curve exhibits the shortened time an merchandise will retain its situation and look due to the accelerated acidification attributable to encapsulation.
Finest Observe
Organizations such because the American Institute for Conservation (AIC), and conservators on the Nationwide Archives, who specialise in preserving necessary however inclined artifacts, suggest storing beneficial paper or cardboard objects flat and with out further encasement, in preservation folders or between buffered matboard sheets, after which putting them inside archival storage packing containers of acceptable measurement to keep away from shifting.[46] This makes use of some great benefits of the strategic apply often known as interleaving that’s utilized by archivists to protect historical past’s most treasured books and paperwork.
AIC requirements point out these supplies “needs to be product of cotton rag or 100% chemically purified woodpulp with an alkali reserve equal to 2 % calcium carbonate and buffered to a pH of seven.5 to 10. Matboard and folders needs to be inflexible sufficient to supply satisfactory help.” The benefit of this storage technique is {that a} vital quantity of the outgassed acids within the playing cards, tickets, applications, and different objects are drawn away and neutralized, drastically extending their unique look and total lifespan. They additional advise retaining temperature and relative humidity inside a slim, fixed vary, decrease than 72°F and between 30% and 50% RH. This reduces enlargement and contraction throughout the paper materials that breaks its fibers on the minute degree, as beforehand mentioned.[47]
Lastly, as a result of all gentle causes cumulative injury, AIC recommends limiting show to quick finite durations of time whereas retaining gentle ranges low and eliminating daylight publicity every time doable. Since daylight from the solar is especially dangerous, shades or blinds needs to be used.[48]
A Sensible Various
Proper about now you’re saying issues that shouldn’t seem in print, adopted by one thing like “what good is it to have a set if I can’t get pleasure from and share it?” And that might be an affordable query. So, if leaving your 1954 Topps Aaron in a PSA slab adversely impacts its longevity, however it isn’t lifelike to pack it up in an archival vault, isn’t there some method to deal with it higher however nonetheless get pleasure from it?
The analysis suggests that there’s. The 2 preservation detriments which can be attribute of grading firm slabs (sealing in acidic buildup and absence of alkaline buffering) can each be remedied. Slabs may very well be redesigned to incorporate an alkaline buffered retainer that matches the cardboard’s define and holds it securely in place. Then the back and front of the slab may very well be secured collectively with out sealing the edges, which might enable outgassing to vent off by way of the sides. Whereas this isn’t optimum on the priceless artifact degree as a result of it doesn’t enable for a beneficial periodic opening of the container to completely flush the encompassing area, it’s considerably higher than leaving the cardboard completely encapsulated. Nevertheless, present ignorance and apathy amongst giant numbers of collectors means the authenticators have little incentive to revamp an operational mannequin that’s at the moment accepted by their prospects and worthwhile.
So, for a conservation-minded collector there’s another. It’s not tough to make an archival holder that accommodates a lot of the finest preservation practices utilizing obtainable supplies.
Archival Holder Anatomy
Whereas the easiest way to protect baseball playing cards for the longest doable lifespan is to position them between buffered pages in an archival folder, not often deal with them, after which solely rigorously with cotton gloves, that’s not sensible for the collector who desires to get pleasure from and present their assortment to others.[49] The following most suitable choice is a holder that permits a very good view of the cardboard, offers safety from bodily injury throughout dealing with, and counteracts the inherent vice of acid buildup to attenuate degradation over time.
The research seem to have decided that the majority acrylic plastics are inert, however this has not been completely verified in long-term apply, and direct contact interactions between acrylics and cellulose based mostly supplies haven’t been studied sufficiently to guarantee that chemical reactions won’t happen and trigger hurt.[50] Whereas not all BoPET movie is taken into account inert, optically clear Mylar D has been verified as a secure archival protect, even in direct contact with a variety of supplies, together with paper, cardboard, and each dye and pigment kind inks.[51]
Whereas screw-down kind instances have been criticized prior to now as a correct card holder[52], when mixed with confirmed conservation parts, they make an ideal protecting outer shell that won’t put strain on any a part of the cardboard itself.
The important thing element for an archival holder is an alkaline buffered inside retainer. The retainer serves a number of features. It secures the cardboard from shifting to guard from bodily injury. It offers correct spacing between the higher and decrease parts of the protecting shell. And, it produces the correct chemical atmosphere to protect the cardboard for optimum lifespan.
Searching for the very best paper for the cardboard retainer can take you down a rabbit gap from which you will by no means return. The choices, and claims by their producers, are infinite. Zeolites, acid traps, activated carbon, alkaline reserve, calcium carbonite buffered, microchambers, acid-free/lignin-free, everlasting paper, ISO 9706 compliant, on and on. The underside line is that you just simply want one thing that’s manufactured to be alkaline (within the 7.5 to 9 vary) and made of fabric that doesn’t have its personal inherent vice. The problem is discovering materials that can be utilized to match the thickness of the cardboard it is going to retain. Strathmore 1-ply museum board works nicely and is extensively utilized in preservation apply. You possibly can print on it and when 2 items are used for the back and front of a retainer sheet it’s the good thickness for the standard fashionable card and most tobacco period playing cards. For older playing cards that aren’t brilliant white, Strathmore 80# Drawing Paper, which is cream coloured but in addition archival high quality, works nicely. There are different choices however the backside line is to make use of a museum-grade, archival paper or matboard. For assist, go to an area artwork provide retailer and ask for heavy, buffered artwork paper or 1-ply matboard.
Sadly, placing a card that has already been graded right into a safer holder requires eradicating it from the one which verifies its situation and authenticity. This implies recertifying the cardboard when promoting it once more. Since we all know {that a} card remaining encapsulated for too lengthy won’t infinitely stay within the situation it was in when initially evaluated, a prudent purchaser would need to know that it was not too long ago graded, somewhat than sitting inside a slab too lengthy, anyway. Effective artwork is reassessed earlier than every sale. It shouldn’t be unreasonable for fragile ephemera like baseball playing cards to be handled equally, particularly if this can be very beneficial.
One final touch upon holder designs. There are some collectors who are usually not followers of the generic, retail bundle look of graded card slabs. Whereas they supply the required info for authentication and sale of a card, they don’t precisely complement and replicate the character of a lot of the playing cards they comprise. Leonardo da Vinci most likely wouldn’t have used any such design to showcase his Mona Lisa. One good factor a couple of customized created protecting preservation holder is that it may be printed with any design or info the proprietor desires on it. It could actually embody issues that relate to the corporate that made the cardboard, logos or designs that harken to the cardboard set, and a few info on the set itself in addition to the participant or topic featured. An artwork nouveau design would possibly spotlight an N43 Allen & Ginter instance or an artwork deco embellishment might set off an exquisite 1934 Diamond Stars card.
Examples
Listed here are some examples of preservation holders designed to match their resident topics.
Step-by step directions for making archival holders, with particulars on printing the cardboard retainer and concepts for designs that match these of the cardboard or its period, should stay a dialogue for an additional day. Maybe a YouTube tutorial may very well be helpful. For now the main target is on the preservation operate somewhat than aesthetic enchancment of card slabs. However, there isn’t a motive that the 2 can not go hand-in-hand.
Abstract
The aim of this dialogue is to assist collectors perceive that paper-based collectibles have a finite lifespan which will be prolonged or shortened based on how they and their environment are handled. Proudly owning a set of playing cards and different paper or cardboard baseball artifacts carries a stewardship accountability. Michael Seery on the Royal Society of Chemistry reminds us that “Historical past is written on paper and chemistry is on the coronary heart of paper conservation.”[53] This is a crucial lesson for collectors of perishable artifacts like baseball playing cards. If we deal with our playing cards others would possibly get pleasure from them a lot farther into the longer term, and cherish them simply as a lot as we do now.
Notes
[1]. “Baseball because the Nationwide Recreation: The Earliest Recognized Baseball Card,” The Library of Congress, Accessed March 2, 2024, https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/baseball-americana/about-this-exhibition/origins-and-early-days/baseball-as-the-national-game/the-earliest-known-baseball-card/.
[2]. “1868-70 Peck and Snyder Commerce Playing cards,” Pre-Conflict Playing cards, October 4, 2016, https://prewarcards.com/2016/10/04/1868-peck-and-snyder-trade-cards/.
[3]. “Allen & Ginter’s Cigarette Card Album of Quadrupeds,” A number of Publicity (catablog), Librry of Virginia, Could 10, 2011, https://multipleexposure.virginiamemory.com/2011/05/10/allen-ginters-cigarette-card-album-of-quadrupeds/.
[4]. Lew Lipset, The Encyclopedia of Baseball Playing cards: The 19th Century (Manhattan, KS: AG Press, 1987), 1:1.
[5]. Matt Swayne, “The Press’ Expertise in the course of the Civil Conflict Helped Form As we speak’s Media,” Penn State Information, December 6, 2012. https://www.psu.edu/news/impact/story/press-experience-during-civil-war-helped-shape-todays-media/.
[6]. Allison Speicher, “American Literature after the Civil Conflict”, Instructor’s Toolbox, Jap Connecticut State College, Accessed April 24, 2024, https://www.easternct.edu/speichera/understanding-literary-history-all/american-literature-after-the-civil-war.html.
[7]. “Separate Is Not Equal: The Quest for Training,” Smithsonian Nationwide Museum of American Historical past, Behring Middle, Accessed April 23, 2024. https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/quest-for-education-1.html.
[8]. AJ Valente, “Adjustments in Print Paper Throughout the nineteenth Century” (presentation on the Charleston Library Convention, Purdue College, November 3, 2010), http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314836.
[9]. Mary Fahey, “The Care and Preservation of Paperwork and Works of Artwork on Paper”, Academia.Edu – Share Analysis, January 1, 2015, https://www.academia.edu/103800960/The_Care_and_Preservation_of_Documents_and_Works_of_Art_on_Paper;
“Paper Acid-Deterioration: The Period of Unhealthy Paper,” Deco Orange, December 31, 2017, https://dobookbinding.com/paper-acid-deterioration-the-era-of-bad-paper/.
[10]. “Deterioration of Fashionable Paper,” Lothian Well being Companies Archive, College of Edinburgh, 2009, https://www.lhsa.lib.ed.ac.uk/projects/projects/Deteriorationofmodernpaper.htm#:~:text=Often%20paper%20made%20in%20the,both%20internal%20and%20external%20factors.
[11]. “Historical past of Papermaking Across the World,” Robert C. Williams Museum of Papermaking, Georgia Institute of Know-how, 2021, https://paper.gatech.edu/sites/default/files/2021-04/History%20of%20Papermaking%20Around%20the%20World.pdf.
[12]. D. Barzyk, D.H. Web page and A. Ragauskas, “Carboxylic Acid Teams and Fibre Bonding,” The Fundamentals of Papermaking Supplies, (Transcript of the XIth Fundamentals Analysis Symposium, Cambridge, edited by C.F. Baker, FRC, Manchester, UK 2018), 2:893-907.
[13]. Michael Lee et al., eds., “Inherent Vice Supplies,” Caring for Paper Collections, Northeast Doc Conservation Middle, Accessed April 3, 2024, https://www.nedcc.org/preservation101/session-4/2inherent-vice-materials.
[14]. “The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Important Details,” Library of Congress, Accessed February 24, 2023, https://www.loc.gov/preservation/care/deterioratebrochure.html.
[15]. “The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Important Details.”
[16]. Jennifer Hain Teper, “Inks and Different Media.” Preservation Self-Evaluation Program (PSAP), College of Illinois, Accessed Could 1, 2024, https://psap.library.illinois.edu/collection-id-guide/inkothermedia.
[17]. Kimberly Nichols and Debra Wooden, “Care of Artwork on Paper,” Print Council of America. June 1, 2019. https://printcouncil.org/care-of-prints/.
[18]. The time period “inherent vice is so universally utilized in preservation and conservation dialogue that it’s included in most business definition lists resembling:
MediaWiki, “Inherent Vice,” April 26, 2021, https://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/Inherent_vice.
Use of this time period will be present in a variety of the research cited in these notes together with, however not restricted to Lee et al., eds., “Inherent Vice Supplies.”
A straight-forward dialogue of inherent vice is offered in: Fahey. “The Care and Preservation of Paperwork and Works of Artwork on Paper.”
[19]. María Cristina Space and Herve Cheradame, “Paper Getting older and Degradation: Latest Findings and Analysis Strategies” BioResources, November 2011, https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/paper-aging-and-degradation-recent-findings-and-research-methods/;
Hongzhi Ding, “Degradation Phenomenology and Life Modelling of Paper – A Assessment,” Advances in Pulp and Paper Analysis, 14th Basic Analysis Symposium, Oxford, September 2009, https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2009.2.947-1.pdf
[20]. “The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Important Details.”
[21]. Sue Mackay and Craig Muder,“Card Catalog: Preserving Baseball Playing cards on the Corridor of Fame,” Baseball Corridor of Fame, Accessed Could 12, 2024, https://baseballhall.org/visit/baseball-cards-care-and-conservation-workshop.
[22]. Amir Parsa Sadr, Emanuela Bosco, and Akke S.J. Suiker. “Multi-Scale Mannequin for Time-Dependent Degradation of Historic Paper Artefacts.” Worldwide Journal of Solids and Constructions, Quantity 248. July 1, 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360109449_Multi-scale_model_for_time-dependent_degradation_of_historic_paper_artifacts.
[23]. Susan Cicconi and William Sarill, “Ethics and Requirements within the Conservation of Ephemera,” (lecture, 15th annual Artwork Conservation coaching Program Convention, Harvard College Artwork Museum, April 28-29, 1989).
[24]. Rene Teygeler, “Preserving Paper: Latest Advances,” Managing Preservation for Libraries and Archives, Present Observe and Future Developments, (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), 85.
[25]. Janet Pasiuk, “Protected Plastic And Materials For Exhibit And Storage,” Preserve O Gram, Nationwide Park Service, August 2004, Quantity 18/2. https://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/conserveogram/18-02.pdf.
[26]. “Storage and Housing of Archival Collections,” Conservation Service Notes, Revealed by the Native Data Preservation Program, a division of the Missouri State Archives Workplace of the Secretary of State. Revised June 2015, https://s1.sos.mo.gov/archives/localrecs/conservation/notes/storage.
[27]. Susan Nash Munro, “Polyester Encapsulation,” Preserve O Gram, Nationwide Park Service, July 1993, Quantity 13/3, https://www.nps.gov/museum/publications/conserveogram/13-03.pdf.
[28]. Caitlin Granowski et al., “A Preliminary Investigation into Acrylic Glazing Deterioration,” Subjects in Photographic Preservation, 2007, Quantity 12, Article 17 (pp. 99-113), https://resources.culturalheritage.org/pmgtopics/2007-volume-twelve/12_17_Granowski.html.
[29].“CCC Grading Slab,” CCC Grading – Certificateur de Cartes de Assortment, Accessed March 20, 2024, https://www.cccgrading.com/en/ccc-slabs.
[30]. Lee et al., “Caring for Paper Collections.”
[31]. Michael Lee et al., eds., “Exterior Elements,” Caring for Paper Collections, Northeast Doc Conservation Middle, Accessed April 9, 2024, https://www.nedcc.org/preservation101/session-4/4external-factors.
[32]. A. de Ruvo, R. Lundberg, S. Martin-Löf and C. Söremark, “Affect of Temperature and Humidity on the Elastic and Expansional Properties of Paper and the Constituent Fibre,” In The Basic Properties of Paper Associated to its Makes use of, (Transcript of the Vth Basic Analysis Symposium, Cambridge, edited by F. Bolam, FRC, Manchester, UK 2018), 2: 785-806.
[33]. The Nationwide Park Service, The Museum Handbook Half I: Museum Collections, “Curatorial Care of Paper Objects”, Appendix J:10, (Washington D.C.: Nationwide Park Service Museum Administration Program, 2023);
Invoice Harvey, “Archival Supplies & Strategies: a Collector’s Chemistry Lesson,” Dwelling Museum, 2009, http://www.home-museum.com/howto/HowToArts/Materials/materials.htm.
[34]. “Care, Dealing with and Storage of Works on Paper,” Library of Congress, Accessed February, 18, 2024, https://www.loc.gov/preservation/care/paper.html.
[35]. “How Can Bodily Preservation Forestall Doc Degradation?”, Anderson Archival, Accessed March 2, 2024, https://andersonarchival.com/learn/how-can-physical-preservation-prevent-document-degradation/.
[36]. Alam, Izhar and Chhaya Sharma, “Degradation of Paper Merchandise Because of Unstable Natural Compounds,” Springer Nature, April 20, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23898-z.
[37]. Henk J. Porck, Price of Paper Degradation: The Predictive Worth of Synthetic Getting older Checks (Amsterdam: European Fee on Preservation and Entry, 2000), 20.
[38]. Teygeler, “Preserving Paper”, 91.
[39]. “The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Important Details.”[40]. “The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Important Details.”
[41]. Teygeler, “Preserving Paper”, 110.
[42]. Porck, Price of Paper Degradation,20.
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